Option A: It has been mentioned that food metabolism is used&nbsp;to maintain body temperature. But it cannot be inferred that heat is lost due to food metabolism.Option B: The colder temperature of plumage results in slight heat gain from the surrounding air. Hence this option is incorrect.Option C: In the last paragraph of the passage, it has been mentioned&nbsp;that heat is very important for the breeding of Emperor Penguins. So it can be inferred that this conserved heat might be used in the reproductive process of Emperor Penguins. Hence C is the answer.Option D: Consider the line:&nbsp;"Since their outer plumage is..........................thermal convection—the transfer of heat via the movement of a fluid (in this case, the air)." It is clear that the process of thermal convection is responsible for heat gain and not heat loss. Hence D is incorrect.

The primary findings of the study conclude that Emperor Penguins reduce the heat loss by keeping the temperature of the outer surface of their plumage lower than the surrounding air. In fact, they gain a little heat from the surrounding air through thermal convection.Option A: If the plumage did not allow thermal convection, it would contradict the findings of the study. Hence A is not the answer.Option B: Since the transfer of heat takes place through the plumage, variation in the average temperature of feet will not affect the conclusions of the&nbsp;study. Hence B is the answer.Option C: The average temperature of plumage should be lower than that of the air. It has been mentioned in the passage that&nbsp;the temperatures of the&nbsp;plumage on their heads, chests and backs were -1.84, -7.24 and -9.76 degrees Fahrenheit respectively. If the temperature of the air is -10 degrees Fahrenheit, Penguins would not be able to gain the heat. Hence, this will negate the study findings.&nbsp;Option D: All the temperatures mentioned in this option are higher than the temperature of the air, but the study assumes the surrounding air temperature to be higher. This option will also negate the study findings.&nbsp;

The word "paradoxically" has been used by the author to indicate the two contradictory characteristics mentioned in the statement.&nbsp;Option A: This option states the exact opposite conclusion mentioned in the passage. As per the passage, penguins keep their plumage colder to keep their body warmer.&nbsp;Hence A is incorrect.Option B: It has been mentioned that the penguins lose heat through radiation and gain heat through convection. Hence B is incorrect.Option C: Although this statement is true, it does not contain&nbsp;self-contradictory parts. It has been mentioned that&nbsp;the heat loss and heat gain happen through the given processes but one has no relation to the other. Hence C is not the answer.Option D: This statement combines two contradictory qualities. The penguins are keeping their plumage colder, which is responsible for the heat gain from the surrounding air and making their body warmer.&nbsp;Hence D is the answer.

Option A:&nbsp;Consider the sentence: "As the cold Antarctic air cycles around their bodies, slightly warmer air comes into contact with the plumage and donates minute amounts of heat back to the penguins, then cycles away at a slightly colder temperature."&nbsp;It has been mentioned in the passage that the plumage temperature is lower than the surrounding air temperature. Hence, "slightly warmer air" refers to the Antarctica air that surrounds the plumage and "at a&nbsp;slightly colder temperature" refers to the fall in temperature due to heat loss.Option B: The process of convections and not radiation is involved in this case. Hence the first part of the option is incorrect.&nbsp;B is not the answer.Option C: The passage does not mention air trapped in plumage.&nbsp;Hence this option is rejected.Option D: "slightly warmer air" refers to the Antarctica air and not the air inside the penguins' bodies.&nbsp;Hence D is incorrect.

Option A: The startups Casper and Glossier are certainly breaking the trend of choice anxiety. Yet, the author argues that they are turning into something that they intended to disrupt. Hence, this does not capture the purpose of the author.Option B:&nbsp;The author argues that even these startups are targeting select few mid-range customers rather than the lower classes. Hence, this option directly contradicts the author's claim.Option C:&nbsp;These startups initially started as an exception to offering a wide variety of choices. Yet, due to limited customers, and want of steep growth, they&nbsp;might transform into a type of company that they intended to disrupt. Hence, this option correctly resounds the authors fear and captures his purpose of argument. Hence C is correctOption D: This option is largely vague and can have multiple interpretations.&nbsp;One interpretation can be&nbsp;that these startups are targeting a selected band of customers and do not have offering for lower-class customers. Hence, there is no uniform distribution.

Option A: Paragraph 1 says "choice fatigue is one reason so many people gravitate toward lifestyle influencers on Instagram". Hence, as per the passage, a company with wide range of products and a lifestyle influencer is likely to perform better than a company with only wide range of products. Hence, this statement negates the claim of the author.Option B: "As options have expanded for people with disposable income, the opportunity to buy even basic things such as fresh food or quality diapers has contracted for much of America’s lower classes."&nbsp;The author argues that variety of products are offered only for a certain class of consumers other than the lower class. If variety of options indeed helped the poor, then his argument is weakened.Option C: "Research has consistently held that people who are presented with a few options make better, easier decisions than those presented with many". "Americans have lost the ability to sort through the sheer volume". Clearly, people are overwhelmed by options and prefer lesser variety. Hence, option C is contradictory.Option D: This option is largely vague and leaves unanswered questions behind. Also, the author doesn't make any comparison between the growth of these two type of companies. The author only says that, as the company targets only few consumers, for the want of growth they are likely to expand to variety of products. As there is no information about their growths, this option neither strengthens nor weakens the claim.

Option A: Paragraph 1 says "Since Americans have lost the ability to sort through the sheer volume of the consumer choices available to them" Since the product options are overwhelming, they are unable to sort through the options.&nbsp;Hence, option A can be inferred from the passage.Option B: Paragraph 1 says&nbsp;"Research has consistently .....&nbsp;industry unto itself." As people experience choice anxiety due to overwhelming options, they are unable to trust products while selecting. Hence, they look-out for celebrities and curators to make a decision.&nbsp;Option C: There is no such comparison in the passage that shows people's preference towards products by startups. Hence, option C cannot be inferred.Option D:&nbsp;Paragraph 1 says "a ghost now has to be in the retail machine, whether it’s an algorithm, an influencer, or some snazzy ad tech to help a product follow you around the internet". Due to our inability to sort, we depend on influencers or we are vulnerable to snazzy ads to purchase products. Hence, D can be inferred.

The author principally argues for lesser choices. He says that choice anxiety is overwhelming and people make better decisions with lesser choices.He is also critical about companies targeting only certain band of well-off customers and critiques them for not offering products for consumers of lower classes.Hence, a product group with lesser variety, and&nbsp;targeted to lower class customers would be most acceptable to the author.

By "Depth", the author suggests a scenario that adds value or supplies additional information which supports his claim. Option A: If the startup products grow exponentially and&nbsp;are self-sufficient and do not expand to other products, this scenario directly contradicts the author's probable prediction of these companies.&nbsp;Hence, it would add the least depth to the author's argument. A is the correct answer.Option B: Lets consider that&nbsp;startups with few product options already exist. In such a case,&nbsp;these startups are no exceptions. For the sake of steep growth and surviving, they might have to expand into different product categories.&nbsp;Hence it adds some depth to the author's prediction.Option C: "There may be no way to opt-out of stuff by buying into the right thing."&nbsp;The author is clearly displeased with startups&nbsp;ending up with overwhelming variety. Losing regular customers for better growth further invigorates the author's claim against numerous choices. Hence, it adds some value to his criticism.Option D: If the government doubles their tax rates, as these startups are dependent on select customers for income, they might have to venture into other products and varieties to accentuate their returns and keep the company afloat. Hence, their fate would likely end up the way author predicted it to be.

"Residents of upscale residential developments have disclosed how important it is to maintain their community’s distinct identity, often by casting themselves in a superior social position and by reinforcing class and racial differences."Option A: The option implies that the clients are made to feel at home. While the&nbsp;phrase “Residents of upscale residential developments” is used to capture the intent of social dominance of a particular class. Hence this option is incorrect.Option B: The option implies that jingoism of a certain class might lead to topophobia. The option is yet again unrelated.Option C:&nbsp;Residents of upscale residential developments intend to promote their community by reinforcing sectarian differences. This exclusivism(Practice of being exclusive/important) is clearly captured in the option. Hence C is correct.Option D: Sensitive response indicates a considerate response where other's sentiments are considered. While these residents are inconsiderate and consider themself superior. Also, the option doesn't capture the purpose clearly. Hence, incorrect

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CAT 2019 Slot 1 Question Paper

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