Question 12.

"Although many philosophers in the past have suspected one could abstract the laws of life and apply them elsewhere, it wasn't until the complexity of computers and human-made systems became as complicated as living things that it was possible to prove this."

Option A can be easily rejected from the above excerpt from the passage. Also, it can be inferred that now(not before), since the complexity of computers and human-made systems are comparable, the logic of Bios can be applied to machines. Although option C seems to convey the same meaning, it generalises the complexity and is a distorted inference.

The author has nowhere mentioned or implied in the passage that purposeful design represents the pinnacle of scientific expertise in the service of human betterment and civilisational progress. Thus, option D can also be rejected.

"Genetic engineering is precisely what cattle breeders do when they select better strains of Holsteins, only bioengineers employ more precise and powerful control. While carrot and milk cow breeders had to rely on diffuse organic evolution, modern genetic engineers can use directed artificial evolution—purposeful design—which greatly accelerates improvements."

From the above excerpt from the penultimate paragraph, it can be inferred that although genetic engineering has less control over the products than bioengineering, they both try to evolve the product artificially. Thus, option B can be inferred from the passage.

Thus, the correct option is B.